What is GIS?
GIS stands for geographic information system.
As a concept, GIS is the intersection of data and location. As a real-world application:
GIS software organizes, analyzes, and displays data in relation to location.
Used throughout a range of industries, there are hundreds of examples of GIS in everyday life.
Because GIS is such a massive category, it's important to remember the following:
In this first chapter, we'll answer some basic questions about GIS.
Click any of the links below to jump there directly.
Picture a simple street map.
This map has the name, location, and points of intersection for every street in a given area.
Now, you need to find a specific building. That’s simple. Add buildings, both homes and businesses, on either side of each street.
But what’s under the buildings? Add underground utilities like gas lines and sewer pipes. Above? Power lines and telecom cables.
Suddenly, your simple map is much more complicated. Add another variable, like vegetation data, and your map is now an unusable mess.
GIS maps let you display location-based data in layers.
Everything you added to your map - buildings, underground utilities, power lines, vegetation - those are all location-based data.
The problem is that two-dimensional paper maps can only display a limited number of data sets before becoming disorganized and ineffective.
GIS was invented to solve this problem.
In the next section, we’ll explore the everyday uses for and examples of GIS.
Map making is far and away the most common use for GIS software. In fact, GIS was born from the desire to create maps that could handle large quantities of complex data more effectively.
GIS and mapping are so deeply intertwined, it's almost impossible to consider one without the other.
Think back to the map in the first section: the one with the streets, buildings, utilities, power lines, and vegetation.
With GIS, you can vizualize all that data in one interactive map. Simply create a digital layer for each data set and then overlay each layer on the original street map.
Select layers to visualize GIS
View each layer independently or in tandem, in order to explore and analyze the relationships between each.
Visualizing data with GIS mapping allows you to:
Though mapping is the most common use for GIS, these maps are also the foundation for a variety of other tasks: data management, asset management, change detection, etc.
From spreadsheets to photographs, satellite imagery to project tasks - GIS is an excellent tool for organizing, analyzing, and sharing location-based data.
GIS can be used to manage almost any data type:
Location-based data requires a visual solution.
Consider a sewer pipeline system.
There are over 2.5 million miles of pipeline in the United States. Imagine all that data in a spreadsheet: lengthy lists of addresses, asset IDs, and notes.
It would be completely unmanageable and near impossible to use. That data - the addresses and IDs - mean little without visual representation.
Most legacy GIS systems are excellent at managing data, but fall short with field data capture. As the industry has changed, some online mapping tools have started to offer this vital feature.
Physical assets tend to be geographically dispersed. Moreover, each one has its own history, specifications, and maintenance schedule.
This combination of data and location makes GIS the perfect tool for effective asset management.
GIS helps organize data, inform operational decisions, and reduce costs.
With GIS you can:
Physical assets are a varied category that spans a large range of industries. We'll go over a few of the most common below.
Fixed assets
Fixed assets have long life cycles and cannot be quickly converted into cash. Common examples include property, buildings, and equipment. To be a fixed asset, it must be possible to asses a value: meaning that intangible assets are not considered fixed.
Infrastructure assets
Infrastructure assets are the basic physical structures - roads, bridges, electric grids - required for a functioning society. Infrastructure asset management focuses on maintaining, upgrading, and replacing these assets in order to improve quality and extend overall service life.
Public assets
Public assets are similar to infrastructure assets, but also include schools, parks, airports, and other common areas. Though the primary goal is to extend service life, there is also a focus on improving the community and optimizing use of public funds.
No matter the asset type, modern GIS is the management ideal tool.
Assets are the confluence of data and location. They are spread across large areas and each has it's own individual data set that covers it's history, specifications, and maintenance schedule.
With GIS, you can manage the disperate data with ease.
Change detection tracks how an asset or area has changed over time. Though you can track change through a spreadsheet or other linear workflow, these methods are not efficient.
GIS is the most effective way to visually track change across large areas, over long periods of time.
Methods for tracking change include:
Change detection tracks how an asset or area has changed over time. Though you can track change through a spreadsheet or other linear workflow, these methods are not efficient.
]The ability to track change over time, though fairly simple, is incredibly useful for most physical industries.
In construction, you can monitor project progress.
In forestry, you can track the interaction between human activity and the natural world.
In urban planning, you can track whether the identity of a physical asset has changed i.e. if a building that was a restaurant is now a pet store
The natural environment is expansive, location-specific, and experiences significant change over time. That in mind, the long history between environmental management and GIS should come as no surprise.
GIS offers an intuitive way to explore the relationships between soil, topography, and human land use.
Use cases for GIS in environmental planning include:
Studying the interactions between natural elements is one of the most fascinating applications for GIS in environmental planning.
Create a single layer for each element and then view them together in various combinations. This process, not only offers insight into the characteristics of each layer, but helps to reveal the relationship between them.
Urban planning is the process of designing and deciding land use in cities and municipalities.
From transportation, to communication, to distribution, urban planning is multi-faceted and can be quite complex.
Modern GIS is especially useful for cities experiencing rapid growth.
As a city grows, so do the infrastructure demands. Energy grids, sewer systems, pipelines, and roads, must all be planned and built in way that is both sustainable and scalable.
Urban planners can use GIS to compile all infrastructure data onto a map. With that map they can track current growth, monitor the health of existing infrastructure, and create a scalable plan for the future.
One of the most relevant use cases for modern GIS is emergency and disaster management. Natural disaster response protocol must include the following:
GIS is the perfect tool to complement one or all of these goals.
Modern GIS offers emergency responders a way to access and share location-based data quickly.
Before GIS was used for response planning, it was used to create hazard maps.
Hazard maps are made by considering data such as landscape, human population, and infrastructure in tandem with natural hazards, such as flooding, forest fires, and earthquakes.
They help emergency planners predict the effects a disaster and make a response plan that addresses highest risk areas first.
GIS is not a new concept.
In fact, it's been around in various forms for decades.
ESRI, a pioneer in spatial analysis and creator of the first commercial GIS software, was started as a research institute in 1965.
In 1981, ESRI released a set of GIS software tools for commercial use. That platfrom, now called ArcGIS, has grown significantly: maintaining market dominance since it's initital release.
Legacy GIS platforms, like ESRI, offer massive suites of powerful features.
From oceanic basemaps, to 3D spatial analysis - legacy GIS programs offer a dizzying array of robust capabilities.
However, there is a catch.
Though powerful, these programs do have limitations.
Using a legacy GIS software effectively requires a degree and/or specialized training.
Moreover, most legacy GIS softwares rely on local servers to store data and offer little, if any, mobile functionality.
This limits usage to those who are in the office on a desktop computer: making data capture and sharing difficult.
All of this said, the GIS software landscape is changing.
The last decade has seen the emergence of GIS software that provides a simple, straightforward experience.
Modern GIS softwares, including MangoMaps, GIS Cloud, and Unearth help users reap the benefits of GIS with little to no experience.
While these programs don't offer the same heavyweight features, they do help users manage, organize, and share their location-based data without an advanced degree.
Moreover, most of these modern programs are cloud-based and mobile-friendly.
With cloud-based storage you can review updates in real time, share data faster, and connect all areas of an organization.
Mobile-friendly design lets users take GIS with them into the field: allowing for fast, efficient data capture within the GIS itself.
No matter what kind of GIS you use, there are certain components required in order to be successful.
Hardware
Hardware is the physical device on which a GIS platform is used: computer, laptop, tablet, cell phone, etc.
Most legacy GIS programs can only run on a desktop: requiring local servers. They generally can’t be used on mobile devices.
In contrast, most online GIS platforms are cloud-based and mobile-friendly.
Software
GIS software is the digital tool that allows you to capture, organize, analyze, and store data. Though all GIS softwares are different, most provide the following functionality:
Some, but not all, also offer online/offline features.
Data
Data is arguably the most significant component of any GIS system - it is also the most varied. GIS data can come in the following formats:
Without data, GIS is little more than a simple map.
People
Users are a critical and often overlooked component of GIS.
Legacy GIS was built, and continues to be updated, as a product that can only be used by someone with years of training and experience. Organizations that use GIS frequently, generally hire an in-house GIS specialist.
On the other hand, most modern GIS platforms were built to be accessible: opening up the power of data to everyone.
By now it should be clear that GIS is an expansive topic that can be quite complex. That said, we’ve tried to make it simple.
If you take nothing else moving forward, remember this - GIS software is a way to manage location-based data.
In the next chapter we’ll cover GIS mapping.
Mapping is far and away the most common application for GIS software. In fact, GIS and mapping are so intertwined - it's difficult to consider one without the other.
